Partnerships Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Associations - Essay Example opriate data may demonstrate that it is better for the association to adjust ways that would dispense with any current restrictions as opposed to staying free. This brings the possibility of organization. Also, an association can enable its workers through imparting data to them. This would help the workers in settling on the most suitable choices concerning associations since they have sufficient data heretofore. Also, strengthening through making of clear objectives just as destinations would help in enabling the workers to settle on objective situated choices. For example, the representatives may propose foundation of associations as the primary method of acknowledging explicit objectives as they are very much educated on the objectives of the association. Moreover, making a situation that empowers committing errors through facing challenges would likewise be useful in foundation of associations. This would urge the representatives to attempt new things with the clients and urge o thers to do likewise. Be that as it may, criticizing a person for having a go at something would shield others from doing likewise and hamper innovativeness and advancement in the association. From an encounter point of view, my manager doesn't rebuff or even shout at us, the representatives, for having acquainted a client with another thought and requesting that they attempt it. Rather, my boss urges us to keep attempting new things and prizes those effective in growing new thoughts. This has stretched out to the point that hazard taking is an upper hand that our association uses to contend in the

Luther Gulick Essay Research Paper free essay sample

Luther Gulick Essay, Research Paper # 8220 ; One of the most particular characters to go forward an engraving upon YMCA physical guidance was Luther Gulick # 8221 ; ( Johnson, 1979, 55 ) . Gulick, whose guardians were evangelists, was conceived in Honolulu, Hawaii in 1865. For 15 mature ages he voyaged broadly on account of his experience as a child of evangelists. At last, in 1880, he had the option to decelerate his movements what's more, travel to Oberlin College until 1884. While at Oberlin, he experienced concerns brought about by hapless eyesight.Also during his stay at Oberlin, he lives with another exceptional physical teacher, Thomas Wood who in this way become well known at Stanford and Columbia and experienced Dr. Delphine Hanna, who was a taking pioneer in grown-up females # 8217 ; s physical guidance. In the fall of 1885, Gulick entered an in the middle of preliminary class, however adjacent to took some school classes to cultivate his guidance. Not long after his stay at Oberlin, he went to Sargent School of Physical Training in Cambridge, Massachusetts for a time of a half year. We will compose a custom paper test on Luther Gulick Essay Research Paper or on the other hand any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page In April of 1886, he turned into the physical director of the YMCA in Jackson, Michigan, yet in this way surrendered to come in the Medical School of New York University. Gulick figured out how to indict his clinical planning design what's more execute his obligations as an educator at the YMCA in Springfield, Massachusetts. In October 1887 Gulick was utilized by the International Board of trustees on low maintenance balance to work as the global secretary for physical work. He held this spot for 13 mature ages. At long last in March of 1889, he finished his clinical plan. In a similar twelvemonth, he was named the supervisor of the Springfield YMCA. In May 1891 a paper read before the secretariat at a show in Kansas City, obviously expressed the work that physical guidance could play inside the model of perceived philosophical process. Gulick stated, # 8220 ; Our physical guidance ought to be all around ; have notice to strict and mental becoming ; be educative and dynamic ; give every grown-up male what he independently requests and be fascinating. Our run of the mill techniques are the pioneers # 8217 ; corps, the creating classification, and the connection of the physical to different areas of our work. # 8221 ; ( Johnson, 1979, 56 ) . In this equivalent twelvemonth, Gulick set up a correspondence class for physical directors. Gulick was impacted by Dr. G. Stanley Hall, a taking therapist of his clasp and of Johns Hopkins University, to the standards of honesty and evenness. In Gulick # 8217 ; s endeavors to look for these standards, he attempted to achieve concordance, request, and equalization in the components of life. For the first clasp in quite a while calling, he showed a class in the mental science of dramatization for athleticss mental science in 1899. While utilized at Springfield, his contemplations of physical guidance were originative, dynamic, and trial in its assault. Gulick was ever fast in making things and ever hurrying about demonstrating new contemplations and hypotheses and obtaining free of those that he discovered invalid. He accepted that the plans of physical guidance were to be better off through the use of competitory athleticss on the other hand of weight training. In 1903, he turned into the supervisor of physical guidance in Greater New York. During this clasp he was instumental in the arrangement of a teaching of physical guidance. Towards the terminal of his calling, he was a counselor to the Spalding Brothers Company, who made hoopss, a president of the War Work Council of the International Committee of the YMCA, and filled in as president for both the American Physical Education Association and the Public School Physical Training Society. In August of 1918 at summer cantonment in South Casco, Maine, Luther Halsey Gulick kicked the bucket. His poorly coordinated expire cut off the calling of one of America # 8217 ; s most unique teachers and cultural specialists at a basic point in his calling. Book index 1. Gulick, Luther H. ( 1920 ) . A Doctrine of Play. Charles Scribner # 8217 ; s Sons. 2. Johnson, Elmer L. ( 1979 ) . The History of YMCA Physical Education. Follet Publishing.

Writing a Writing Reflection Paper

Writing a Writing Reflection PaperWriting writing reflection paper is a great way to come up with ideas for your dissertation. However, you will have to think about what to write about before you can do so. Below are some of the main points that you need to consider.* A writing reflection paper should be written after you have already finished writing your dissertation. It is not a good idea to start writing the paper before you have finished with the paper. This will only lead to confusion later on.* You will need to consider where to begin. You should think about the themes of your dissertation and then start thinking about the ideas that will be contained in your writing reflection paper. Start by writing down a few ideas. It is not necessary to write down everything at once, as long as you have already jotted down a few ideas.* When you are ready to write the paper, do not start right away. You will need to take a break and then write down another part. Just take some time out be tween each writing reflection paper.* Do not worry about the type of paper that you are writing. Your purpose here is to write about a topic that is very relevant to your dissertation topic. If you need help with this, you can ask help from an adviser.* When you are writing the writing reflection paper, do not worry about formatting the paper. You will need to learn how to format a dissertation and will not need to worry about formatting. Formatting will depend on the institute that you are doing your dissertation.* When you are writing the writing reflection paper, keep in mind to make a small summary. This summary will serve as your introduction to the paper. Remember to use the title of the paper as the title of the summary. This will help to give it a clear structure.Writing writing reflection paper is a great way to come up with ideas for your dissertation. You will have to make sure that you write down a few ideas before you start writing the paper, but once you have done so, you will be able to come up with a really good writing reflection paper.

The Privilege Of Interpersonal Communication - 2986 Words

Throughout the years people have been given the privilege of interpersonal communication in many forms, such as letters, emails, texts, and social media. Letters were one of the very first mediums people used to communicate, and as the years went by technology improved, and emails were created. Emails served as a faster alternative for people in a business to contact someone else. Following that was the idea of text messaging, not only was it time efficient but also easier. That wasn’t the only thing connecting people all around the world though. Social media wasn’t the most popular to begin with, but as time went by, and it became more personal, people began to take a very big interest in it. Letters, emails, texts, and social media play†¦show more content†¦Important alphabets would include the Greek alphabet, which was the first phonemic alphabet. These are alphabets that are, â€Å"†¦sets of letters, usually arranged in a fixed order, each of which re presents one or more phonemes, both consonants and vowels, in the language they are used to write.† (Ager) From this came the two most widely used alphabets, the Latin/Roman and the Cyrillic alphabets, which have been adapted to write numerous languages. From the periods of these writing systems, letters would have begun to spring up as a form of communication between people who were not readily available to give information to immediately. We could also date the letter back from the more formal definition of the letter, where the definition talks about it being sent by mail or messenger. In this case, dates will be traced back to ancient centralized empires, where government documents and bulletins were circulated. However in the case of a messenger service, the first documented case of using couriers was in 2400 BC, in Egypt. Pharaohs typically used them for the distribution of their decrees in their territory. Since this time period, letter writing has exponentially grown to a larger source of people, especially in the early modern period. The 18th century in particular

Racial Discrimination A Social Injustice That People Of...

Racial Discrimination is a social injustice that people of color have been subject to for years. In the U.S., racial discrimination against people of color in the justice system generates a wide variety of public issues that influence the life possibilities of the Latino and Black communities. Race, status, and class are some of the main reasons for legal inequality. Laws were created in an effort to ensure the safety and stability of everyone everywhere. With that being said, however, the laws did and do not always have the best interest of certain race or minorities in mind, therefore legal equality has never ceased to exist because it never existed in the first place. This paper will argue how the U.S., has overlooked legal inequality for decades by referring to sources that we have discussed in class by Alexander, Cheryl, Brown v. Board of Education, Plessy v. Ferguson and Parents Involved v. Seattle School District to make the case that legal inequality is an ongoing issue toda y. Legal Equality is defined as†¦ In the book The New Jim Crow, by Michelle Alexander, she highlights one of many problems that plague our legal system here in the U.S. â€Å"Rather than rely on race, we use our criminal justice system to label people of color â€Å"criminals† and then engage in all the practices we supposedly left behind (Alexander, 2).† She argues that even though the U.S. got rid of the Jim Crow Laws back along with slavery, does not mean we have solved the problem of racism. In theShow MoreRelatedThe Colors Of Racism By John Steinbeck And Of Mice And Men 1330 Words   |  6 Pages The Colors of Racism in Of Mice and Men The struggle of racism in America is one which has been regularized in American society. The devaluation and undermining of colored individuals has become commonplace, due to social injustice. In particular, racial discrimination prevails among African American societies due to the color of their skin, and the stereotypical notions of racial superiority that the white race illuminates. For over three-hundred years, the African American communities haveRead MoreSocial Injustice, Racism, And Social Work1647 Words   |  7 Pages Social Injustice, Racism, and Social Work Rachel Condit December 4, 2017 Professor Keyes Social Work 1111 Social Injustice and Ism’s Social injustice is any issue when unfair practices are being carried out in society. Social injustice effects many groups today, especially minorities. Societal isms are the prejudicial attitudes directed against groups that society identifies as â€Å"lesser†-less capable, less productive, and less normal. Racism Racism is defined as an ideologyRead MoreThe Problems Of Racial Identity927 Words   |  4 PagesThe Problems of Racial Identity Over time certain groups of people have been taken advantage of and treated unfairly. In recent history especially, the groups that are being taken advantage of are those of color. The world is learning faster than ever how important it is to treat people equally and not discriminate against individuals or groups based on the color of their skin. However, the world is not perfect and this is still a slow process. Like in Citizen, this research paper is being writtenRead MoreRacial Discrimination And Its Effects On People And Society1653 Words   |  7 PagesRacial discrimination has many effects on people and the society, and these effects are mostly negative. In To Kill a Mockingbird, Harper Lee, the author, demonstrates racial discrimination and its effects through Tom Robinson s case. Tom Robinson is accused of raping and beating Mayella, and Atticus Finch is the man who steps up to defend this innocent man in the town of Maycomb, where everyone was decided from racial prejud ice. In the three following sources, Montgomery Boycott, White PeopleRead MoreInjustice And Social Injustices1532 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Though the concept of social injustice is universal in nature, the experience varies with each person. Factors like a person’ race, or gender can further influence the severity of the injustice; victims caught in the overlap between discriminations often go unrecognized by the law and society. Many people recognize the names Michael Brown, Eric Garner, and Tamir Rice as African Americans who were murdered by local police. But names like Michelle Cusseaux, Tanish Anderson, and MeaganRead MoreRacial Discrimination : The World Has More Than 6 Billion People With A Diversity Of Human Races808 Words   |  4 Pages21 November 11, 2015 Title- Racial Discrimination in the workplace The world has more than 6 billion people with a diversity of human races and colors. Even Though, by means of nature, people used to see each other as white, black, Hispanic, Asian, American, African, etc. As humans spread throughout the globe, they adapted to one of a kind dwelling conditions while genetic mutations introduced precise traits to the people. Likewise, the concept of race, a group of people with genetic and physical featuresRead MoreAnnotated Bibliography Of The Coming Of Age 1078 Words   |  5 PagesMississippi According to the author’s mother, Toosweet, black people will always face despair because change within the white supremacy system is nearly impossible. In the novel Coming of Age in Mississippi, internalized oppression divides the black community in the face of white oppression. By accepting the injustices, the black community indirectly supports oppression. Moody’s family hates the idea of rebelling against the injustice. Internalized oppression affects anyone who perceives as inferiorRead MorePersuasive Essay On The Kneeling Movement1437 Words   |  6 Pagesknee during the National Anthem. Taking a knee or sitting during the National Anthem symbolizes the protest of the mistreatment and social injustice of minorities in America. Kneeling during the National Anthem has captured the nation’s attention but for all the wrong reasons. However, some citizens in America feels as if it is disrespectful to the people who fight for this country. Kneeling during the National Anthem has captured the nation’s attention but for all the wrong reasons. The primeRead MoreThe Color Line : Mass Media And Systemic Racism1258 Words   |  6 PagesCentury is the problem of the color line: Mass Media and Systemic Racism In the Souls Of Black Folk , Du Bois starts his collection by stating that â€Å"the problem of the Twentieth Century is the problem of the color line.† (p. 34 Forethought Du. Bois) Du Bois’s conception of the â€Å"problem of the color line† is an apt diagnosis for the problems about racialized identities of his time and is still applicable for the Twenty-first century. Du Bois’s â€Å"problem of the color line† can be seen operating inRead MoreAnalysis Of Martin Luther Kings Letter From Birmingham Jail925 Words   |  4 Pagesprotest of discrimination against African-Americans. King firmly believed that non-violent protest, in the form of sit-ins, boycotts, and picketing, would raise awareness of the prejudices African-Americans suffered and, in turn, lead to progress in gaining equal rights between the races. His â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail,† which he wrote during his incarceration in response to the idea that the battle for civil rights should be fought in court, not via protests, states that â€Å"injustice anywhere is

Essay About The Literacy Autobiography - 785 Words

Literacy Autobiography I can hear my heart pumping faster and faster. With every breath, it pumps a little faster. I count each person ahead of me in my roll. Pam will read paragraph one. Carl has paragraph two and Donna will read paragraph four. That means I will read paragraph five. I go over every word making sure I can pronounce each one correctly. I am not aware of what the others have read. My only concern is not to make a mistake. It is my turn. Yes, I made it. Wow, glad that is over! What I have described is my early reading experience in elementary school. Reading was not something you did for pleasure. Reading was something you maneuvered through making sure you didn’t explored by the bombs of vocabulary. It was not something you enjoyed. My parents were very strict about education. They knew their children were intelligent, so if you were not doing well in school you were playing around. I remember every time I had to read or go to the board to answer a problem, I would always make a mist ake. I believe it was due to the amount of stress of possible failure. When my teacher told my parents that I was having a problem at school they thought I was just being lazy. I was immediately punished. Reading was not a wonderful activity for me. That was until Mr. M. came. He would read aloud to the class. I could feel the cool breeze from a Robert Frost poem. I could smell the grass and follow the dancing leaves. Mr. M. made me want to be a reader. IShow MoreRelatedThe Power and Paradox of Literacy1810 Words   |  8 PagesA Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass The Power and Paradox of Literacy The â€Å"Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass† has been regarded by many as one of the most influential slave narratives in American history. This colorful autobiography has and will forever situate Douglass at the forefront of the American abolitionist movement. Many scholars involved in the study of African American history, including James Matlack, a writer for the Atlanta Review of Race and Culture assert thatRead MoreReflective Essay Reflection746 Words   |  3 PagesReflective Essay During the course first semester of freshman year in English 101, I have learned multiple foundations when it comes to writing. When I first entered college, the only knowledge when it comes to writing was the basic of gathering a bunch of information on a piece of paper. Knowing that writing wasn’t my strongest suit throughout my academic career, it was challenging for me. Going through my first college class, which was English 101, I realized that writing is more than just puttingRead MoreI Meet My Hero Kanye West1410 Words   |  6 PagesIn this story I meet my hero Kanye West, I also learn an invaluable lesson about reading and literacy. But more importantly I met Kanye West. The year was 2011, I was 15 and I absolutely hated reading. Summer after summer I would begrudgingly read my schools assigned summer reading books or figure out a way I could not read the books and still complete my assignments. The summer before my sophomore year of high school was looking no differ ent. With two weeks left before school started I hadn’t evenRead MoreThe Common Core State Standards1282 Words   |  6 Pagesonly includes ELA classrooms, but content classrooms, as well. The proposal of informational text, Gewertz (2012) stated, â€Å"includes literary nonfiction, as well as historical documents, scientific journals, technical manuals, biographies, autobiographies, essays, speeches and information displayed in charts, graphs, or maps, digitally or in print† (p. 11). Students will also be expected to read and comprehend text that increases in complexity. Johns (2012) expressed that the CCSS, â€Å"expect studentsRead MoreThe Relationship Between Education and Ones Identity965 Words   |  4 Pageswhich to base all of his or her impressions upon. Education, of course, plays a highly integral role in the ultimate forming of someones identity, which a casual examination of Malcolm Xs Learning to Read which is excerpted from the authors autobiography, Sherman Alexies Superman and Me, Maya Angelous Graduation and Mike Roses I Just Wanna Be Average certainly proves. Just how ones education influences ones identity, however, is intrinsically related to the importance of an identityRead MoreThe Life Of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave1170 Words   |  5 Pagesabolitionist speakers, Frederick Douglass. Born into slavery, this great American leader led a life many of us would find impossible to bear. After gaining his freedom from slavery, Douglas s shared his stories through impressive speeches and vivid autobiographies, which helped America move forward as a country liberated from racial inequality. Although Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave allows readers to understand what life was like for slaves in antebellum America, the mostRead MoreNarrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass Essay1182 Words   |  5 Pagesbeen captured and returned to slavery for life, but he proceeded to write in specific detail the account of his experience as a slave, in order to reveal the inhumanity of that â€Å"peculiar institution† and help bring about its overthrow. Prefaced with an essay by William Lloyd Garrison and with a letter by Wendell Phillips, both leading abolitionists, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave: Written by Himself is told in straightforward chronology andRead MoreHidden Intellectualism By Gerald Graff1237 Words   |  5 Pages In Gerald Graff’s essay Hidden Intellectualism he aims his writing towards schools, universities, teachers and the academic community. He responds to the situation of; teachers, schools and colleges overlooking intellectual potential of â€Å"street smarts†. His purpose in this essay is to acknowledge the readers that that there are different types of intellectualism and to point out flaws in the academia. The message Graff is trying to convey is that schools and teachers need to approach education inRead MoreComparison Of Creative Nonfiction1490 Words   |  6 Pagesmore. Creative nonfiction is used by many different writers today. You are able to find creative nonfiction within journal articles, memoirs, poems, essays, and research papers. We have read a chapter of â€Å"Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American† by Frederick Douglass this is a creative fiction that was in our learning tool â€Å"Reading about writing.† Creative nonfiction does not have to be personal for the writer. The way I am able to explain creative nonfiction is saying that it is aRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave Essay2361 Words   |  10 PagesSummary Themes Characters Critical Essays ââ€" » Analysis eText ââ€" » Reference Teacher Resources ââ€" » More ââ€" » Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave Summary Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave cover image summary In Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, Douglass recounts his experiences as a slave. He details the horrors of growing up on a plantation, being subjected to extreme racism, and running away to freedom. He later became an influential

Endogenous Variables

Question: Describe about endogenous variables, instrument variables (IV), testing for endogeneity and instruments validity. Answer: Endogenous Variables The techniques section explains the troublesome question in the instrument variables estimation that is capacity to yield estimations through valid instruments. The two features that surround the study of valid instruments are- firstly, it helps in predicting the endogenous variable rationally and secondly, the disturbance terms are not correlated in the fundamental model (Miles, 2015). The problem of endogeneity is a very well known problem that takes into account not only fields like economics and econometrics techniques but also these techniques correct the problem of endogeneity partially (Asteriou and Hall, 2015). Nevertheless, the research on economic techniques have been limited. Conversely, the base difficulty lies in the managers that take tactical decisions through a regular supposition in the regression models that are cross-sectional in nature and not randomly. The cross sectional regression models are not only constructed on expectations but also formerly affects the choices made that reflect the future performance (Ferson and Lin 2014). Presumably, these aspects have raised from the internal factors, which the managers have been known but its complex to gauge by the external researchers (such as internal conformation of capabilities, firm culture, CEOs personal). However, the major issue arises when unobserved variables are not taken into account in th e statistical analysis due to biased coefficients evaluations. The biases result from precluded variables connected with both the performance of the firm and strategic decision made. On the other hand, the past studies has demonstrated that both the direction as well as the measure of the bias can have been significant if results considered in extreme cases to fundamentally deduce opposed conclusions (Brooks 2014). As per the recent article opined by Campm (2002), depict to demonstrate that the conclusion with reference when the change discount is taken into consideration and whether this discount cn be reversed with endogeneity or not. According to Campm (2002), it also shows that diversification discount not only becomes premium during proper methodical control when introduced with endogeneity. However, Villalonga has studied the same conclusion as well. Furthermore, there are many studies that propose different yet alternate ways to deal with the same. Instrument Variables (IV) As we said over, our fundamental theory is that organizations that take part in social exercises are not an arbitrary specimen of firms. On a basic level, it is conceivable to decide SP based on the arrangement of variables that not only affects SP but also assumes not to be related with FP. Precisely, it can be said that in time t, the SP of the product for the business i is influenced by Zit ; which is the set of features of the firm but remains not to be associated with the FPit in the first equation with the error term as lit. However, the results allow guesstimating SP and FP without the need to utilize straightforwardly our unique endogenous measure of SP that is the reason Zit is called the Instrument Variable (IV), without the need to utilize straightforwardly our unique endogenous measure of SP. The fundamental trouble with IV estimation is the means by which to distinguish substantial instruments in light of the fact that a large portion of the perceptible firm attributes are now incorporated into the primarily performance condition, bringing on the system to be unidentified (Lin and Liscow, 2013). Hence, the qualities of a better instrument are to such an extent that it does not corresponds with the error term in the fundamental performance condition. Furthermore, it is related with the endogenous variable for the situation with interest that is, SPit. In the event that these instruments are accessible, the equation 1 can be estimated utilizing the (3) condition of instrumental variable yielded through unbiased estimators of c. Testing for Endogeneity The existence of endogeneity can only be tested based on the Hasuman test that is difference between the random effect as well as fixed effect estimator. However, random effect estimator terms to be consistent and efficient under only in the case of null hypothesis whereas alternate hypothesis is ruled by inconsistency. On the other hand, there is inefficiency under null hypothesis and consistency under both the hypothesis in case of fixed effect estimator (Hsiao, 2014). Even though, the Hausman test is complex in computation because the sample produced is the difference between fixed and random effects expressed in the form of covariance matrix. When Hausman test is exercised, the covariance matrix helps in analyzing the difference between the foxed effect and random effect estimator. As a result, the covariance matrix will term out to be conclusive based on the asymptotic properties of the normal distribution. Based on the given fixed sample, non-positive conclusion can be derived from the covariance matrix. Nonetheless, in a case like this, Hausman test is difficult to compute. On the other hand, there have been an alternative test other than Hausman test based on the same control as well as original endogenous variables in the same econometric model as stated by Mundlak (1978). Moreover, the average of the each of the firm calculated is suspected to be endogenous a priori. Furthermore, endogeneity problems continue to exist in the sample with the existence of four dependent variables, ROA and ROE if the variables terms to be significant in Mundlaks test. Moreover, the significance of the four regression coefficients can be proved based on the KLD variable if the null hypothesis under no endogeneity can be rejected. However, this result not only confirms the need for account for endogeneity in the sample but also studies the significance of endogeneity in such type of research. The endogeneity can be accounted in different ways. Firstly, the results can be expressed under the results of OLS followed by linking the same pattern of association in the first sample with FP and SP. The assumption that can be drawn is that endogeneity does not change its relevance over time based on the all non-observable features of the firm (Garabedian, 2016). Moreover, the same type of influence can be affected by the changes as well as different levels of KLD that are termed to exogenous over a period of time of the panel data. However, based on the panel data, the advantage is taken from the fixed effect estimation to obtain unbiased estimates of c by eliminating hi from the analysis. As a result, we ease the earlier assumption and to control the endogeneity, the instrument variables estimation is used in the circumstances (Spamann, 2012). Instruments Validity The theoretical plausibility has been discussed based on the observation of the collected works that discusses the commonly used IV validity tests that the instruments identified can be based on. The same has been performed in different tables. As mentioned above based on the assumptions, an effective instrument is must firstly, (orthogonality condition) the equation should not be correlated with the error process and secondly, the correlation needs to be high with the endogenous regressors (Antonakis et al., 2014). As per the first assumption, it is difficult to test its validity directly as the validity can only be assessed in an over identifying context using the restrictions ased on the Hansen or Sargan test. However, the test of Hansen has been reported in the table. Hansens J statistic are shown in the table. It depicts the low values for the four dependent variables only with ROA exclusion, significant of 0.05 level used that the results are uncorrelated with the error terms as well as the hypothesis remains non-rejected. Hence, excluding SP500, the IV suffices the orthogonality condition. On the other hand, in the table V, Sheas partial R2 and KleibergenPaap (CraggDonald) with StockYogos critical values are weakly identified in the test statistic. As rightly opined by Baum et al. (2007), the CraggDonald statistic does not seems to be valid if the errors raised in the two-phase GMM estimation are serially associated or heteroskecedastic in nature. However, in this case, the test will ensured to be robust is Kleibergen and Paap statistic. However, the comparative high values of partial Sheas R2 and with the corresponding F values seem to be evident in the chosen productive power. Furthermore, such values attained for the KleibergenPaaps statistics were well directly above the critical values at StockYogo with maximum relative levels of biasness at 30% and 5% while having maximal 15% IV in the four models. Generally, the null hypothesis had been rejected due to under identification of the weak instruments based on the four models reported from the he Shea partial R2 and KleibergenPaaps statistics (Desender et al., 2014). In general, the experimental findings have been validated on the section of the following instruments based on the observations of the collected works of SIM with the aspect that have been uninvolved from the instrument variable (IV) models through the only exclusion of SP500. The association between the firm performance and the corporate social responsibility is supposed to be over rated if the endogeneity problem is not controlled because it are the organizations that are drawing in the CSR exercises are of higher quality and convey better execution, paying little heed to whether they get to be included in CSR or not. To address this endogeneity concern, we look at the connection amongst CSR and firm execution utilizing the IV-GMM relapse. The management culture, ethical attitude as well as decision-making style has been captured by the % Female Minority Directors. As rightly opined by Adam and Ferreira (2009) found that the male directors seem to have low attendance records than the female directors. This also had been stated that male had low attendance problems based on the gender diverse board because the women are obligated to join the observing committees. Moreover, according to the study of Adam and Funk (2012), it had been depicted that women seem to be less power oriented than men but the female directors are generous as well as universally concerned. However, there is nothing specifically essential about female directors, which leads them to deliver more noteworthy benefit for a firm than male directors. IV-GMM is an instrumental variables estimator actualized utilizing the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM). IV-GMM has special cases in the conventional IV estimators namely 2SLS saying two-stage least models. For a precisely recognized model, the conventional IV-2SLS and productive GMM estimators overlap under the presumptions of restrictive homoskedasticity and autonomy. Additionally, the proficient GMM estimator is the customary IV-2SLS estimator (Hayashi, 2000). Nevertheless, for an IV-GMM collection of strong estimates will consider to be more efficient as well as differ than the 2SLS robust estimates because of the over-identified equation. However, we use IV-GMM estimator instead of 2SLS estimator in an over identified equation when the number of endogenous variable included is less than the excluded instruments (Wooldridge, 2015). References Antonakis, J., Bendahan, S., Jacquart, P., Lalive, R. (2014). Causality and endogeneity: Problems and solutions.The Oxford handbook of leadership and organizations, 93-117. Asteriou, D., Hall, S. G. (2015).Applied econometrics. Palgrave Macmillan. Brooks, C. (2014).Introductory econometrics for finance. Cambridge university press. Desender, K. A., Aguilera, R. V., Lpezpuertas Lamy, M., Crespi, R. (2014). A clash of governance logics: Foreign ownership and board monitoring.Strategic Management Journal. Ferson, W., Lin, J. (2014). Alpha and performance measurement: the effects of investor disagreement and heterogeneity.The Journal of Finance,69(4), 1565-1596. Garabedian, G., 2016.Essays on the Procyclicality of Financial Cycles and the Vulnerability of Emerging Markets(Doctoral dissertation, Ghent University). Hsiao, C. (2014).Analysis of panel data(No. 54). Cambridge university press. Lin, C. Y. C., Liscow, Z. D. (2013). Endogeneity in the environmental Kuznets curve: an instrumental variables approach.American Journal of Agricultural Economics,95(2), 268-274. Miles, C. R. (2015).Using panel data to estimate the returns to schooling in South Africa(Doctoral dissertation, University of Cape Town). Spamann, H. (2012).Essays in Applied Microeconomics(Doctoral dissertation). Wooldridge, J. M. (2015).Introductory econometrics: A modern approach. Nelson Education.

Georgiana as a Perfect Woman in the Contemporary Society

Essay on Prozac Harmful Or Helpful Essay Example

Essay on Prozac Harmful Or Helpful Essay Example Essay on Prozac Harmful Or Helpful Paper Essay on Prozac Harmful Or Helpful Paper Many people suffer from depression at some point in their lives. Among women in western countries, major depression is by far the most common illness (Shorter 43). Treatment for depression varies among health care providers, but the prescription of antidepressants seems to be the most common remedy. Prozac and other selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are being used to treat depression, panic disorder, bulimia, obsessive-compulsive behavior, and many other illnesses. Prozac has become the most common and best-selling antidepressant in the United States. It has been prescribed for over twenty-one million people (Packard 18). Nonetheless, many of these people are unnecessarily taking Prozac and it is doing them more harm than good. There are many possible causes for depression, ranging from stress, physical and emotional changes, crises, and chemical imbalance in the brain. There are also several ways to treat depression such as therapy, a change in diet, and a regular exercise program. The current trend is for doctors to immediately prescribe Prozac before exploring the other treatment options. However, Prozac â€Å"was associated with more hospitalizations, deaths, or other serious adverse reactions reported to the FDA than any other drug in America† (qtd. in Freundlich 2). Eli Lilly Pharmaceutical Company created Prozac in 1974, but it wasn’t approved by the FDA until 1987. The first of the SSRIs, Prozac inhibits or blocks the recapture of the neurotransmitter serotonin by nerve cells (â€Å"Prozac† 2). This allows the serotonin to remain in the brain for a longer period of time creating a lasting euphoric state. Serotonin plays a complex part in the functioning of the body and brain. Researchers and doctors are just starting to understand its role. â€Å"So far, the tools used to manipulate serotonin in the human brain are more like pharmacological machetes than they are like scalpelscrudely effective but capable of doing plenty of collateral damage† (Lemonick 3). Prozac is supposed to help improve a person’s mood by increasing the level of serotonin present in the brain. However, problems can occur if receptors in the brain stem and spinal cord are over-stimulated. Sufferers endure fever, chills, muscle spasms, agitation and confusion, dubbed â€Å"serotonin syndrome† (â€Å"Warning† 1). Frank Van Meerendonk was prescribed Prozac in 1990. He was taking this medication not because of depression but for dizziness, fatigue, tinnitus and hearing loss, after severe flu. After five days on Prozac, he was a wreck. â€Å"I felt as if a magnet were pulling the back of my head. There were electrical surges rising in my body I was terrified† (qtd. in â€Å"Warning† 1). He was suffering from serotonin syndrome. â€Å"Serotonin syndrome is a very dangerous and a potentially fatal side effect of serotonergic enhancing drugs which can have multiple psychiatric and non-psychiatric symptoms† (â€Å"What is Serotonin Syndrome? † 1). This toxic condition requires increased clinical awareness in order to prevent, identify, and treat the condition immediately. The rate of incidence of this syndrome is on the rise. The suspected cause of that increase is the introduction of the SSRIs. Serotonin syndrome is generally caused by a combination of two or more drugs, one of which is often a selective serotonergic medication. The drugs which are known to most frequently contribute to this condition are the combining of monoamine oxidase inhibitor with Prozac. The best treatment for serotonin syndrome is to cease taking the offending medication or medications and wait for the symptoms to resolve. If the offending medication is discontinued, the condition will frequently resolve on its own within twenty-four hours (â€Å"What is Serotonin Syndrome? † 1-2). Many victims of the over-prescription of Prozac are children. In 1997, at least 580,000 children (Huffington, â€Å"Peppermint† 28) were being prescribed Prozac, even though safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients had not, and still has not, been established (Huffington, â€Å"U. S. Attention† 1). As with most antidepressant prescriptions, doctors are prescribing Prozac for children without any psychiatric evaluation. Yet, in a Prozac ad, symptoms of depression included feeling â€Å"unusually sad or irritable† to finding it â€Å"hard to concentrate,† both of which are things that all normal children experience at some time (Huffington, â€Å"Peppermint† 28). Prozac and other SSRIs are some of the biggest money makers ever for the pharmaceutical companies. The use of Prozac among children from ages 6-12 went from 41,000 in 1995 to 203,000 in 1996 (â€Å"ICFDA† 3). The number of new Prozac prescriptions written for children increased almost four hundred percent in just one year. Prozac is a very potent mind-altering drug that has not been approved for use in children and yet â€Å"children are popping it like candy† (3). One 30mg dose has clearly been shown to double the level of cortisol. An elevated amount of cortisol impairs the development and regeneration of the liver, kidneys and muscles. It also slows linear growth (3). It is perfectly legal for doctors to prescribe Prozac to children, but â€Å"off-label† prescribing can be complicated. When a drug is tested and a dosage is set for an adult body, the same medication given to a person half the size can have unexpected effects. Antidepressants can lead to agitation and nervousness in anyone, in children, they may trigger full-blown manic episodes (Kluger 94). In a study completed at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center six percent of the children treated became manic (Crowley 74). Mania is not the only major risk for children taking Prozac. Emotional development might also suffer. â€Å"It’s one thing to fool around with the serotonin levels in a brain that’s already hardened and set, but quite another thing to manipulate a young, still elastic brain† (Kluger 94). Kids are receiving antidepressants not in addition to care and counseling, but as a cheap substitute. A 1995 study discovered that counseling and medication, when combine, are the most effective ways to treat depression and also less costly in the long run, since they may help prevent recurrences (Scheller 18). After all, â€Å"A pill alone is not usually a cure† (Crowley 74). Drug companies sponsor research and offer grants, trips, and other financial enticements which contaminate the findings of the research. In an article in the British Medical Journal, three physicians editorialize that Prozac is not addictive. The doctors had just returned from an all-expense paid trip, courtesy of Prozac manufacturer Eli Lily, to a symposium in Phoenix (Huffington, â€Å"U. S. Attention† 1). Peter Breggin, author of Talking Back to Prozac, researched clinical trials of the drug before it was marketed and concluded that they were inadequate because: -they were too short (four to six weeks) -they did not include children, the elderly, or the suicidal -many patients dropped out following adverse reactions -patients were given sedatives to reduce Prozac’s stimulating effect -fewer than one in three trials showed Prozac to be effective (â€Å"Warning† 3). The bulk of studies done for the FDA approval of psychiatric drugs such as Prozac show them to be of no value. The companies are allowed to choose two often marginally or questionably successful studies as ‘proof’ that the drugs work. If Prozac is not a miracle medicine then why are so many people still taking it? Prozac is no more effective than any other antidepressant. It â€Å" is not a wonder drug. People on Prozac do not have unusual or sensational results† (â€Å"Prozac’s Can† 1). But it, along with other SSRIs, is more often prescribed than other antidepressants because they have less severe side effects. Still, all SSRIs have side effects such as sexual dysfunction, nausea and other gastrointestinal discomfort, diarrhea, headache, dry mouth, nervousness or agitation, sweating, dizziness, tremors, and sleepiness or insomnia. These side effects can cause serious problems for some patients. Alternative treatments such as change in diet or exercise would not lead to these side effects. Numerous doctors acknowledge that Prozac is not as effective as they had believed at first. A Flemish psychiatrist, Dr. Guido Peeters proposed that: â€Å"It is well known in medical circles that you are more likely to prescribe a drug when it is new. There’s a placebo effect that produces hope in the scientific community and among patients. Prozac seemed to work well in the beginning and it can be useful, although it’s probably over-prescribed. It’s easy for doctors to hand out pills and many patients prefer to go for the ‘quick-fix’ pill rather than discuss their problems (qtd. in â€Å"Warning† 4). Prozac is a result of our lackadaisical culture’s tendency to medicate major social problems rather than act on them. â€Å"The over-prescribing of drugs has made possible the supression of signals a society needs to detect and address growing problems† (Huffington, â€Å"U. S. Attention† 1). Psychiatric drugs should be prescribed by psychiatric doctors. The percentage of people wrongly taking antidepressants would drop along with the number of serious adverse reactions. Prescription drugs are the third leading cause of death in America. Every year approximately 200,000 people die from prescription drug reactions and anther 80,000 die from medical malpractice. You have a seven times greater chance of dying walking into your doctor’s office than you do getting behind the wheel of your car (â€Å"ICFDA† 1). When seeking medical help for depression, great caution is advised. Look at all the options. Read the current research. Make sure you know all the side effects of the drug you are about to take, your life may depend on it. Most depressed people would benefit from other non-medicated alternate treatments which they would be more likely to receive if the family doctor no longer had access to the easy way out, Prozac. Crowley, Mary. â€Å"Do Kids Need Prozac? † Newsweek 20 Oct. 1997: 73-74. Freundlich, Naomi. â€Å"When the Cure May Make You Sicker. † Online. BusinessWeek. Internet. 15 Apr. 1999. Available: businessweek. com/1998/11/b3569025. htm Huffington, Arianna. â€Å"Peppermint Prozac. † U. S. News World Report 25 Aug. 1997: 28. . â€Å"U. S. Attention Deficit on Legal Drug Risks. † Online. The Center for the Study of Psychiatry and Psychology. Internet. 19 Apr. 1999. Available: breggin. com/RitalinAH2. html â€Å"ICFDA. † Online. International Coalition for Drug Awareness. Internet. 3 May 1999. Available: drugawareness. org/ Kluger, Jeffrey. â€Å"Next Up: Prozac. † Time 30 Nov. 1998: 94. Lemonick, Michael D. â€Å"The Mood Molecule. † Online. Time. Internet. 15 Apr. 1999. Available: http://cgi. pathfinder. com/time/magazine/1997/dom/970929 Packard, Helen C. Prozac: The Controversial Cure. New York: The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc. , 1998. â€Å"Prozac, Zoloft, Paxil. † Online. Internet. 28 Apr. 1999. Available: depression. com/anti/anti_09_ssri. htm â€Å"Prozac’s Can and Can’t-do Powers. † Online. Internet. 3 May 1999. Available: obs-us. com/obs/english/books/pg/pg280. htm Scheller, Melanie. â€Å"The Brave New World of Antidepressants. † Current Health Jan. 1997: 16-18. Shorter, Edward. â€Å"How Prozac Slew Freud. † American Heritage Sept. 1998: 42-44+ â€Å"Warning: This Wonder Drug Could Seriously Damage Your Health. † Online. The Center for the Study of Psychiatry and Psychology. Internet. 18 Apr. 1999. Available: breggin. com/bulletinprozac5. html â€Å"What is Serotonin Syndrome? † Online. International Coalition for Drug Awareness. Internet. 3 May 1999. Available: drugawareness. org/ serosyndrome. html

Middle Eastern Studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Middle Eastern Studies - Essay Example It is important to understand how the countries came to be and what the balance of power has been. But things are changing rapidly. By looking at the following three media sources, we can get a sense of what is happening and how modern people from the Middle East view the world. Haaratz is a liberal Israel newspaper. One of the main issues in Israel these days is the problems in Iran. Israeli government officials are plotting a potential attack on Iran. Haaretz, as a liberal voice, can sometimes be critical of this idea. There is clearly an emphasis on politics over other issues. The paper is not concerned with oil (as Israel has none) or youth issues. Much of the discussion is existential: how should Israelis live, how should they treat the Palestinians, etc. There is much opinion and much discussion in this newspaper, and many ideas are generated by it. It is a great example of Israel’s free press. There is no censorship of the materials—and the paper is frequently cr itical of the government. Tehran Times appears to be strongly influenced by government censors. The stories present the president of Iran in a favourable light. The paper also pushes a paranoid line, suggesting that Iran is surrounded by enemies which wish to do it harm. There is an article about Iranian prisoners who may be executed in Saudi Arabia. The attitude appears to be negative. The oil sanctions are clearly affecting the Iranian economy, and there are stories about this. Youth unemployment is high. Iran is suffering from the kind of huge demographic change which Richards talks about in his chapter. The old order is fading, but not fast enough. The old order still has enough power to put down uprisings, as they did in 2009, but this will last forever. One day they will fall and the consequences of this will be unforeseeable. Reading the Tehran times, it is clear that there is kind of siege mentality the people of Iran are suffering from. All of this is evident from the paper . It appears to be a sad country. The United States is considered to be an enemy, according to this paper. We can see how Iran is trying to build alliances with other misfit countries in the region. Overall, this is a depressing newspaper for a depressing country. Al Jazeera is like the CNN of the Middle East. It is based out of Qatar and provides regional coverage in a less biased manner than other local media. The headlines are often outward looking and focus on the international scene, but from the point of view of all people in the Middle East. The tone is a unifying and quite liberal one. It is clear that Al Jazeera is not the organ of any dictator or tyrant. They have done a lot to inspire the revolutions that have occurred over the last few years. They appear to support democracy and even women’s rights—ideas which are alien to many Arabs in the region. There is even some objectivity shown towards Israel. There is an emphasis on oil news as this the main commodi ty traded in the Middle East and the source of much wealth. Overall, the news is a bit soft-ball but it is clearly not censored by any government. The Middle East is a rapidly changing area of the world. Every month brings something new. All of last year the world focused on Libya. Now, with Gaddafi dead, the world has turned to watch the civil war unfolding in Syria. Only a few years ago, we all watched Iraq

Leadership and Organizational Behavior in Action Essay

Leadership and Organizational Behavior in Action - Essay Example The firm that is analyzed in the paper is General Electric (GE), a multifarious company, setup by Thomas Alva Edison in the year 1890 by the name Edison General Electric. The company is currently headquartered at Fairfield, Connecticut in the United States and has made several breakthroughs in segments of Energy, Capital Finance, technology, power generation to name a few. Some of the benchmark innovations of GE include the mars observer, launching of CNBC news channel for business reporting in real time, GE Money which provides customers with facilities of a general credit card and at the same time the facilities of a store card with discounts and promotional offers. Such innovations have helped GE scale the position that it holds today. GE has been continuously emerging as a champion when it comes to innovation. Its businesses related to infrastructure have proven to be another step towards building a better future. GE is currently operating across many regions of all the inhabited continents of the world. GE has been a pioneer for the past 130 years and strived hard towards innovation. Since the invention of first light bulb to the present jet engines the company has come a long way in making the world a better place to live. The company which is an equal opportunity employer has a strong presence in many countries and proudly supports a diverse workforce. The company believes in fair treatment policy and has formed various forums to nurture people with differences in age, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation etc. (GE, â€Å"Our Company†). This project report deals with organizational challenge of workforce diversity. Maintaining a large workforce brings along challenges and people from different background may not be able to adjust well with each other. Objectives As GE supports a diverse workforce, managers will be faced with the challenges of combating discrimination within the workforce and at the same time promoting alliances and inclusiveness i n the group. Negative attitudes and behaviors may influence decision making and might also result in a loss of productivity as well as personnel. If negative behavior or prejudices creeps up within the workplace it will affect the company’s image and may also lead to litigation. The same is the case with multiculturalism. Multiculturalism may be defined as the process whereby people from different cultural background are motivated to work as a unit and also motivated to achieve the common goals of the organisation. The objectives of this report are to make careful assessment of the situation. The report will identify the desired course of action for GE which will help them to overcome the situation. This would require the involvement of all the groups. Managers will have to work on removing personal bias and should also create ways for engaging in personal dialogues with teammates. Managers need to clearly understand that the recipe for success is teamwork and the approach sh ould be unique to the organization for resolving the dispute. Secondary resources have been used for doing the analysis and collecting evidences. Literature review Multiculturalism is the apprehension which epitomizes a new way of acclimatizing to the future world. It is the process of recognizing and respecting different diversified groups with different cultural background in an organization. The people with divergent socio-cultural class are addressed and motivated and are eventually accredited for bringing stability within the organization (Rosado 1-4). Multiculturalism has long been a sensitive issue, a never ending debate, measure of its efficacy in an organization or in the society has come under scanner. These questions or issues have been creeping over time and again to understand the need of multiculturalism, its

Managing Change At Sainsburys In Todays Economy Management Essay

Managing Change At Sainsburys In Todays Economy Management Essay Today world business is changing rapidly cause of changing in environment, changing in customer demand, change in political and economic front. There is tight competition also affect change. Change also changing with respect of situation and demand of change. Change gives future vision and without change we cannot getting better opportunity. Change is intact in today world. Sainsburys is longest standing major food retailing chain in the United Kingdoms. Their supermarket offers 30,000 products, 50% of which are Sainsburys own brand. Sainsburys success depends in wide range of quality food and grocery products, many stores offers meat and fish counters, pharmacies, coffee shop, restaurant and gas stations. Sainsburys need change in HR training system. I observe that employee of Sainsburys get training normally in the store. I would like to change training system by developing centralise training system. In this assignment I explain background to change in Sainsburys than I develop a system that involves stack holder introduction of change. After that I discuss merits and demerits of system which is use for change in Sainsburys. I use appropriate models for change in Sainsburys and finally, I implement change through this model. Background to change affecting Sainsburys Background to change that exist in todays economy Change management is plan, initiate, realize, control, and finally stabilize change processes on both, corporate and personal level. Change may cover such diverse problems as for example strategic direction or personal development programs for staff. (Oliver Recklies, 2003) Internal forces Human resource problems and prospects This problem is stem from employee perception of how they are treated at work and the match between individual and Sainsburys need and desires. The relationship between employees unmet need and job dissatisfaction. Dissatisfaction is a symptom of an underlying employee problem that should be addressed. Unusual or high level of absenteeism and staff turnover also represent forces for change. Sainsburys might respond to these problems by reducing employees role conflict, overload and ambiguity and also by removing the different stressors. Positive change stem from employee participation and suggestions. Managerial Behaviour and decisions Excessive interpersonal conflict between managers and their subordinates is a sign that change is needed in Sainsburys. Both the manager and employee may need interpersonal skills training and the two individuals may simply need to be separated. For example, one of the parties might be transferred to a new department. Inappropriate behaviour shown by leaders, such as inadequate direction or support may require change in the response to these human resource problems. External forces There are four key external forces change demographic characteristics, technological advancements, market changes and social and political pressures. Demographic characteristics Demographic changes are occurring in the workforce of Sainsburys. Two key trends identified in this discussion were that: workforce is more diverse and there is a business imperative to manage diversity affectivity. They are to receive maximum contribution and commitment from employee. Technological Advancements Service organisation is increasingly using technology as a means to improve productivity and market competitiveness in Sainsburys. Companies, for instance, have automated their operation with computerised numerical control, which is used for mental cutting operations and computer aided design. Companies also use computer integrated services. This high technical process attempts to integrate product design with product design with product planning control and operations in Sainsburys. Centralise training system can develop by latest technology. Market change The emergence of a global economy is forcing Sainsburys to change the way they do business. For example, many Japanese companies have to discontinue their job for life philosophy because of increased international competition. To get competitive advantage Sainsburys can use centralise training system in department of HR. Social and Political Pressures These forces are created by social and political events in Sainsburys likewise harmful product selling give a lot of pressure to company. This pressure is being exerted through legislative bodies. Political event can create substantial change. Although, it is difficult for organisation like Sainsburys to predict changes in political forces, many organisation hire lobbyists and consultants to help them detect and response to social and political change. Bureaucracy in Sainsburys Bureaucracy is concerned with efficiency, with division of labour, with rigid chain of command, with clear distinctions and rationality. Job specialization Job specialization is the process to give particular task to the employee with limitation of performing activities. Strength Every employees of Sainsburys know their duty and area of contribution so all members of Sainsburys do specific tasks to achieve goal that given by company. This way employee gain specialisation in their job. It increases efficiency in work through repetition of job. Job specialization gives more and more expertise in work. Weakness To do repetitive work through employee can reduce overall productivity and it also prevents their knowledge and skill in Sainsburys. There is limitation to do work in employee choice. Employee got one part of skill rather than complete skill in organisation. Job specialization does not give training of all area of knowledge which reduces the confidence of employee to do other activities. Employment and career Strength It is necessary to appoint appropriate person to particular position in Sainsburys. Sainsburys have a wide range of learning and development available using variety of methods like workshops, activity and coaching training, workbooks at all. Sainsburys also recruit graduates because they need quick thinking innovators leading the business. Sainsburys offers promotion to the employee in the basis of their performance. Weakness Individuals throughout the Sainsburys are promoted to their level of incompetence and it can restrict the psychological growth of the individual in their job. Global changing environment directly effect on employment and career. Current economic situation shows that generation of new employment and career growth get harder. Rules and procedures Strength All employees know that what are Sainsburys rules and procedures which improve work efficiency. Strict rules on position qualifications and code of conduct, Sainsburys get proper information which is helps to achieve company objectives. Weakness With the help of rules give minimum level of acceptable performance in Sainsburys. Employee leads to individual and sub unit goals which replace Sainsbury objectives. It gives delay in work and employee cannot produce more productivity in work Alternative forms of organisational development Total Quality Management Quality is a difficult criterion to assess because it depends on the expectation of a product on services. Sainsburys may choose radically for qualities of their output apply Total quality management. TQM exist when the needs of the customers of Sainsburys may try to meet and communicate about these needs with its customer. Furthermore, all departments in Sainsbury need to aim for high quality, the back office departments included. Finally, quality is a continuous improvement project because quality can always be improved and it also depends on customer needs, which are frequently changing. TQM may be part of Sainsburys because TQM trough we can change in centralise training system. Kaizen Kaizen is Japanese export, and have been used worldwide. Sainsburys Membership is voluntary, and member are drawn from a particular department, No financial rewards are given for team suggestions, Members receive training in problem solving, statistical quality control and team processes, Their problem solving domain is defined by management, Meeting are held weekly, usually in company time, often with trained facilitators helping members with training issue and helping them to manage the meetings. Sainsburys may include quality improvement, quality enhancement and employee involvement. Kaizen may be part of Sainsburys, with the help of kaizen we can change centralise training system. Business Process re-engineering Sainsburys may report significant improvements in performance as a result of applying re-engineering methods. The fresh start, blank sheet approach ignores past history and current practice in favour of considering how best to structure of the Sainsburys and design work to meet the needs of todays business and customers. The process orientation also represents a departure from most traditional approaches to analysis Sainsburys. A process is simply a set of activities that delivers a product or a service to a customer. The customer of Sainsburys may be eventual user of the product or service, or it could be an internal customer the person or section responsible for the next set of activities in the overall process. BPR may be part of Sainsburys, we can use BPR to change centralise training system in Sainsburys. Learning organisation It is generally recognised that Sainsburys ability to learn is a key strategic weapon. They emphasised a range of activities that are all part of knowledge management. Learning is in its simplest form a process of retention of response patterns for subsequent use but it can also be active process of experimenting and understanding the reasons behind events. Sainsburys learning requires the institutionalisation and acceptance of knowledge spread again among the member through socialisation. Organisation needs tools for this institutionalisation process, such as communication channels, storage systems, knowledge sharing processes, storytelling at all. Sainsburys may one that proactively creates, acquires and transfer knowledge and that change its behaviour on the basis of new knowledge and insights. Learning organisation may be part of Sainsburys so we may change centralise training system with help of learning organisation in Sainsburys. System for involving other in process of change in the Sainsburys 2.1 system involve appropriate stake holders in the introduction of change A core element of the functioning of system is the interdependence between the component parts of a system. (Kelly, Ryan, Altman Stelzner, 2000) In this assignment I would like to change in HR training system and I would like to develop centralise training system in Sainsburys. To develop this system, I involve stakeholders like employee, customer, manager, line manager and management of Sainsburys. Advertisement Management give advertisement to aware about the change in centralise training system which can through employee, manager, line manager get centralise training. This centralise training will help to achieve company target and their own goal. Customers get benefit about services of Sainsburys. Advertisement is effective way to promote and get aware about change in centralise training system in Sainsburys. Employee, manager and line manager to make video add which can help to implement centralise training system in Sainsburys. Advertisement through employee, manager and line manager can aware about change in advertisement system. Print media Print media is very effective way to promote change in centralise training system. Quick turnover of newspaper is good medium to reach the customer. With magazine advertise can focus in on a specific target audience. Poster is more effective way of outdoor advertising. Employee, manager and line manager make printed paper of centralise training system change in Sainsburys. Customer can get detail printed paper. Print media through employee, manager and line manger look change in centralise system in Sainsburys. Training and development There are many problem also come forward when we introduce change so to introduce change in effective way training and development is require. Sainsburys all staff like employee, supervisor, line manager, manager need to require training to introduce change in centralise training system. Training gives more reliability toward change and it direct connected success of change. Training through employee knows benefits of change and how it directly affects the Sainsburys growth. Employee, supervisor, line manager and manager make centralise programme which help to introduce change in Sainsburys. Word of mouth The word of mouth marketing is most effective way to affect services business. Centralise training system in HR, this change involves employee, customer and manager. It is positive change in training system which gives credibility of the service. It can promote by employee can discuss about the new services of Sainsburys. It is the way to give common response from the target market. This is long term marketing method. It is more successful and cost effective selling tool. Word of mouth through employee, customer and manger hear or listen about centralise training system change in Sainsburys. Online Online marketing mainly possible uses the internet and World Wide Web. To introduce change in centralise training system company involve customer and all employee of Sainsburys. Customer and all employee make online report of change centralise training system in Sainsburys. Company use Sainsburys website to promote change in centralise training system. Sainsburys employee sends e-mail by their customer to inform new change in services. To use online classified advertisement through company reach to the people. Online through customer and all employee get online information about change in centralise training system. Meeting When employee, mangers, supervisor discuss the change in centralise training system in HR and try to find out effective way of change. It is only possible by organising meeting. Meeting through they can discuss the problems that arise to introduce change and how can we solve the problem and knows the different view about development of system. Meeting through employee can aware about change in centralise training system. Analyse and evaluate the system Advertisement Merits Advertisement helps to promote centralise training system of HR department in Sainsburys. Advertisement of change in HR system gives positive image to their customer, employee and manager. Advertisement through us can directly cover mass number of customers. Demerits Advertisement is expensive things because for advertisement need so many activities, planning and time in Sainsburys. If change is not properly promote than it gives negative feedback to all the stakeholders of Sainsburys. Print media Merits It has a general and wide appeal. It can be repeated as long as advertise desire. The effectiveness of advertisement can also be estimated. The life is such longer than life of a newspaper. The get up is more attractive and use of colours is possible. Advertisement is accessible to each class of the society. Because of large circulation, low cost advertising. Demerits It has a very short span of life. The use of colours is often not possible. Illiteracy is also affects the utility of newspaper advertising. Advance planning is necessary limited circulation of magazines. Repetitive advertising is not possible. Training and development Merits It will increased productivity and reduce employee turnover. It increased efficiency resulting in financial gains and decreased need of supervision. It will build a more efficient, effective and highly motivated team which enhance the companys competitive position and improve employee morale. It will give sense of satisfaction through the achievement of personal and Sainsburys goal. Demerits Training requires new investment, time, training programme, training place as well as trainee. Particularly in Training period, employee cannot work that who already was working for Sainsburys because they spend time on acquire training. Training and development directly effect on company financial. Word of mouth Merits Word of mouth is very important and long term marketing approach. It is also cost effective and time consuming. It gives more powerful effect to the customer and employee of Sainsburys. There is no need any kind of training and knowledge. Demerits Word of mouth sometime creates conflict between customer or employee and Sainsburys change. Word of mouth increase confusion about the change which does not provide evidence of change. It may give wrong perception of change in Sainsburys. Online Merits Online marketing is give visual and written detail of change in Sainsbury. It is time consuming and less expensive. It depends on online presentation of change in Sainsburys which give positive image to their customer, employee and manager. Demerits Online promotion through us cannot correlate all customer, employee and manager about change in Sainsburys. It only targets particular target group rather than all of them. Meeting Merits Meeting require discussion of change in Sainsburys with their employee, customer and managers. It is effective way to decrease problems as much and try to solve by meeting. Demerits It only focuses particular target group so we cannot get feedback of all to introduce change in Sainsburys. It require place to organise meeting and in meeting, cannot get clear feedback of change in Sainsburys. Implement model for ensuring on going change in Sainsburys appropriate models for change There are so many models available for change but Business process re-engineering and total quality management are more appropriate implementation model for HR training change in Sainsburys. Business process re-engineering When considering change, start with black sheet of paper and redesign from scratch. Second, advocate a process orientation to the analysis and redesign of centralise training system in Sainsburys. The fresh start, blank sheet approach ignores past history of training system and current practice in favour of considering how best structure of centralise training system in Sainsburys and design work to meet the needs of todays business and customers. BPR is not a context sensitive approach. The process orientation also represents a departure from most traditional approaches to organizational analysis. A process is simply a set of activities that delivers centralise training system to employee, manager and line manager. Employee may be the eventual user of centralise training system or it could be an internal customer the person or section responsible for the next set of activities in the overall process. This is potentially radical because it requires a horizontal analysis of work along an activities chain. A typical business process re-engineering project has four main stages: (1) Process mapping: draw a flow chart of centralise training activity sequence. (2) Identify moment of truth: decide which step are critical, add value and introduce errors. (3) Generate redesign proposals: streamline the process, avoiding duplication and overlap (4) Implementation: put the redesign into effect change in Sainsburys. Total quality management Total quality management means that the organisations culture is defined by and supports the attainment of customer satisfaction through an integrated system of tools, techniques and training. This involves the continuous improvement of organisational process, resulting in high quality product and services. To do it rights the first time to eliminate costly rework and listen to learn from customer and employees. Make continuous improvement and every day matter. Build teamwork, trust and mutual respect. Quality consultant Richard J. Schonberger sum up TQM as continuous, customer centred, employee driven improvement. TQM is necessarily employee driven because service quality cannot be continually improved without the active learning and participation of every employee. Thus, in successful quality improvement programmes, TQM principles are embedded in the organisations culture. Despite variations in the language and scope of TQM programmes, it is possible to identify four common TQM principles. Quality is a difficult criterion to assess because it depends on the expectation of a product or service. Organisations who choose radically for quality of their output apply Total Quality Management. TQM exists when the needs of customers of the organisation are heard and the organisation tries to meet and communicate about these needs with its customers. Furthermore, all departments in the organisation need to aim for high quality, the back office department included. Finally, quality is a continuous improvement project because quality can always be improved and it also depends on customer needs, which are frequently changing. implementation process and outcomes Unfreezing Sainsburys run training and development of LGV1 driver, warehouse shift manger, team manager and warehouse operation individually. There is no centralise training programme for employee so Sainsburys get difference in productivity. Sainsburys identify this problem and they do planning to introduce centralise training system with help of developing perfect training programme with the help of employee, line manager, manager and management. Sainsburys can use Business Process Re-engineering model for change in training system. Sainsburys can use special trainer to give training and with the all equipment which is necessary for training. Moving Sainsburys ready to implement centralise training system for employee. This centralise training system improve productivity of employee. Sainsburys can open centralise training different store so employee cannot get problem to take centralise training in Sainsburys. Sainsburys can make live atmosphere in centralise training place so employee can enjoy training. Centralise training through company get more efficient staff. Freezing Sainsburys implemented centralise training system after that Sainsbury can get feedback from the employee, manger, line manager and supervisor. Sainsburys gather review of centralise training system. If is there any problem or treat remain, Sainsburys can implement problem by identify solution. When Centralise training system is resolving the entire problem than centralise training system runs perfectly in Sainsburys. Sainsburys try to consolidate this centralise training programme. Outcomes Centralise training system give same quality of training to every employee in Sainsburys. Centralise training system will help to increase productivity in Sainsburys. Centralise training through get motivation in work. Employees of Sainsburys get confidence in job and do their best in job. It helps to improve managerial and leadership quality in Sainsburys. It will reduce conflict and problem of employee, manager, line manager, and supervisor in working environment. Sainsburys may achieve high quality organisation in the UK by using centralise training system. Conclusion Sainsburys is the larger retailer in UK. Sainsburys need to give better customer services in UK. It can be possible by better training programme and Sainsburys can use centralise training programme through every employee can get same training in Sainsburys. It will directly affect Company performance and productivity. With the help of centralise training system employee can get motived and employee best work can come out through training. Sainsburys knows to get better satisfaction in customer service can possible with the help of centralise training system. Centralise training system boost more confidence in employee.

The United Nations, the United States, and Iraq: Are we going to war? :: Essays Papers

The United Nations, the United States, and Iraq: Are we going to war? This paper was originally written over a week before the due date. As it was edited, events unfolded that may not be reflected in the following paragraphs. Printing the paper for final submittal, I can’t help but feel that it is not finished. Today seems to be a pivotal moment in the conflict with Saddam Hussein. Iraq is located in Western Asia, between Saudi Arabia, Syria, Jordan, Turkey, and Iran. 95 percent of its 23 million inhabitants are Muslim, with a 5 percent Christian minority. The official language of the State is Islam while ethnically the population is made up of Arabs, Kurds, Aramaic, and Azerbajanes. Between 1534 and 1918, Iraq was part of the Ottoman Empire. Afterwards, it was occupied by the British, until its independence in 1930. In 1958, the monarchy in place was overthrown and the Republic was established. In 1963, the Baas party assumed power until Saddam Hussein’s election in 1979. Between 1980 and 1988 the Iran-Iraq war ensued. Further turmoil followed when Hussein’s dictatorship invaded Kuwait in 1990, thus originating the Gulf War. The United States reacted by launching Operation Desert Storm, between January 17 and February 29, 1991, with the support of Egypt, Syria, Morocco, and other Arab States. The end of the war was marked by Kuwait’s liberation, the instatement of international sanctions on Iraq, and the implementation of an embargo on that has proven devastating to the Iraqi people. Saddam Hussein, on his part, has resorted to repressing all types of opposition (including, among others, Kurds and Shiites). The result is a tense relationship between Baghdad and the United Nations. From an economic standpoint, Iraq holds significant power because it is the second country in the world in oil reserves. Members of the UN Security Council that support military intervention see this approach as a way to keep Hussein from threatening to gain control of other countries in the Gulf and thus their oil. These countries want to protect oil deposits in the Arabian Peninsula while keeping Hussein from using weapons of mass destruction. By removing Saddam Hussein from power and implementing a democratic regime in Iraq, the United States also aims to eradicate what it considers to be a terrorist-harboring State. The United Nations, the United States, and Iraq: Are we going to war? :: Essays Papers The United Nations, the United States, and Iraq: Are we going to war? This paper was originally written over a week before the due date. As it was edited, events unfolded that may not be reflected in the following paragraphs. Printing the paper for final submittal, I can’t help but feel that it is not finished. Today seems to be a pivotal moment in the conflict with Saddam Hussein. Iraq is located in Western Asia, between Saudi Arabia, Syria, Jordan, Turkey, and Iran. 95 percent of its 23 million inhabitants are Muslim, with a 5 percent Christian minority. The official language of the State is Islam while ethnically the population is made up of Arabs, Kurds, Aramaic, and Azerbajanes. Between 1534 and 1918, Iraq was part of the Ottoman Empire. Afterwards, it was occupied by the British, until its independence in 1930. In 1958, the monarchy in place was overthrown and the Republic was established. In 1963, the Baas party assumed power until Saddam Hussein’s election in 1979. Between 1980 and 1988 the Iran-Iraq war ensued. Further turmoil followed when Hussein’s dictatorship invaded Kuwait in 1990, thus originating the Gulf War. The United States reacted by launching Operation Desert Storm, between January 17 and February 29, 1991, with the support of Egypt, Syria, Morocco, and other Arab States. The end of the war was marked by Kuwait’s liberation, the instatement of international sanctions on Iraq, and the implementation of an embargo on that has proven devastating to the Iraqi people. Saddam Hussein, on his part, has resorted to repressing all types of opposition (including, among others, Kurds and Shiites). The result is a tense relationship between Baghdad and the United Nations. From an economic standpoint, Iraq holds significant power because it is the second country in the world in oil reserves. Members of the UN Security Council that support military intervention see this approach as a way to keep Hussein from threatening to gain control of other countries in the Gulf and thus their oil. These countries want to protect oil deposits in the Arabian Peninsula while keeping Hussein from using weapons of mass destruction. By removing Saddam Hussein from power and implementing a democratic regime in Iraq, the United States also aims to eradicate what it considers to be a terrorist-harboring State.

Jaguar Manufacturer

Explain the advantages and disadvantages for jaguar of using just in time production rather than the more traditional just in case stock system. Just in time is a manufacturing method based on pull system which means the raw materials are only delivered only when needed which reduces waste due to overproduction and lowers the storage rent e. g. warehouse storage. Advantages: * Reducing set up times * Goods from warehouse to the production line flow much smoother which saves time. * Increases supplier quality * Consistently supplying the plant with the raw material for production * Workers are used more efficiently Scheduling and planning is improved * Reduces space requirements for raw materials Disadvantages: * Relying on a limited amount of stock so there is a chance of running out and interrupting production * Change in the culture of production can take time to get used to so it could be less control in the beginning * Need trustful and reliable suppliers who can deliver on time * The suppliers have to be very flexible because the demand for raw material could come up at any time. * The machinery is at risk to breaking down and slowing down the production.Using appropriate motivation theory, analyse how jaguar has managed to increase the pride and commitment of its employees. Jaguar has managed to increase the pride and commitment of its employees by implying continuous improvement. This type of motivation required entrustment and empowerment from the workforce. The fresh start to this new implication meant that the workforce had to be trained in order to perform and improve. Team work has to be implemented because this way everyone is involved and the ideas can be shared for enhancement of the production.Also because the work is in teams no one is left out and each member feels more valuable in the workplace which then motivates them further. Once more the team working leads the workforce to a new level on Maslow’s hierarchy where the employees are social and esteemed. Being valued and cared for is a great motivator especially in a big workforce such as Jaguar. Targets and objectives are set for the employees and it is something to strive for, this will give them a some sort of a bonus or a pay rise.Once there is a target and a bonus at the end it will motivate the worker to reach that target as Taylor said money is a motivator in a workplace. The bonuses don’t just have to be set for individual employees they could be set for the whole team and if a target is met the whole team will enjoy a reward at the end, again this will motivate not only individuals but the whole group of workers. Evaluate methods for achieving a total quality culture in large organisations like Jaguar.Total quality culture is based on the involvement of all employees in the organization in improving processes, products, services and the mores in which they work and it is also based on meeting the customer’s requirements with the right stan dard of quality. It is essential to work in teams to share ideas and to advance the quality by setting objectives such as zero defects. Every member of the organisation can take action if a certain product is not up to a set standard. Quality circles or kaizen can be a part of team work where employees can share their skills and ideas to improve the quality of their products.If the skills are not at a fine quality then certain training regimes can be set also in the training the employees can be taught to have prevention rather than cure which would aim at zero defects. Kaizen cannot be relied up one because it doesn’t cover all aspects of improving so things like identifying the consumer needs and having cell production will certainly be covering more of the objective such as the zero defects. If the manager takes up the total quality management and seeks the best quality not only out of the products but the employees who make these products.The workforce has to always be co mmitted to what the manager has set as an aim or an objective and be ready to reach and fulfil that aim. The high motivational skills of the manager will definitely make reaching the target much easier than if the employees are not motivated. Describe the organisational culture of Microsoft as identified by Steve Ballmer. The recent culture in the Microsoft organisation can be described as an innovative culture where Microsoft are trying to develop something brand new and something that no other organisation has.Explain the meaning of business aims, and use in managing large organisations such as Microsoft. An aim in an organisation can be seen as a direction in which the business can move on this path certain objectives and targets can be set to further improve the organisations structure. The objective and targets that may be set can aspire and motivate the workforce. Aims could look at the company’s weaknesses and strengths, the weaknesses can be reduced in the future by c hoosing appropriate objectives and the strengths can be further strengthened by setting targets which once again will motivate the workers.Having an aim will set order in the work place which will lead to sharing among staff and more accountability cooperation. An aim is like a mission which the business is striving to achieve and complete as many objectives along the way as possible. Microsoft has four aims and they are building industry trust, building customer loyalty, altering structure of the company and devolving power from the top. Analyse four practical strategies Microsoft could implement to help it achieve its aims. First of all Microsoft needs to build its trust with the industries based around them.One way could be to merge or to have joint ventures with other computing companies but this is not the best way to recover trust because Microsoft are very competitive and they will prefer to be a single organisation with control. Other ways can be to provide employment in the company because Microsoft is a large organisation and it needs skilled workers to continue improving. It can also provide income for local communities for example universities where better ICT training courses can be implemented. Another strategy is to build customer loyalty which will give strong ideas on what the customers want.Primary research methods such as focus groups where direct opinions can be gained from the customers even though it is only a very limited number of people surveyed. Secondary data can definitely give more of a bigger picture of what the customer wants even though sometimes it may not be as honest as having focus groups. This way of researching will show new trends in the customers taste and choice. This can be improved by creating departments which will concentrate only on the customer relationships this way online help can be more supportive towards the customers.Changing or altering the way the organisation is structured is another aim for Microsoft. Te am working is very important in this type of organisation and the teams in the company should often be rewarded for their efforts. Individuals shall not be rewarded because this will tend to break the team up into individuals and this means there would be some sort of competition between the workers. Matrix structure is very appropriate for Microsoft especially when a company tends to have many different departments.This would team working on another level, the teams will be very flexible and will cooperate with workers from other departments. This way a culture of team working and collaboration is created in the organization and the ability to work on different projects gives a huge variety to the work which will increase staff motivation. Microsoft are always looking to find the best way to improve their products by keeping up to date from the customer surveys but when you have the experts from each department the product will tend to be much more improved and up to date.Making de cisions is often very difficult especially when you are in control of a huge organisation such Microsoft. Devolving the power or decision making from the top will certainly take a lot of pressure off the top management team. Creating another layer in between of the hierarchical orders of company’s structure will involve and motivate other workers who will be motivated because they get to make important decision in certain areas of the organisation. Another motivator in this is that whoever makes the decision a team or an individual will always think that the top managerial team is relying on his/hers or their decisions.This not only motivates workers but it makes them communicate and improve communication skills in the procedure of this. This would be a great way of splitting important decisions in the company because the pressure is taken off the managers and shared with the rest of the workforce, of course the more important decisions like putting the company as stake or so me sort of risk will always be down to the highest ranked people but this is an effective way to motivate and at the same time take pressure off the main people in the company.

NSU Admissions SAT Scores, Acceptance Rate, Tuition